Fiscal Data Explains U.S. Treasury Savings Bonds (2024)

Key Takeaways

Savings bonds are simple, safe, and affordable loans to the federal government that can be purchased by individual investors. These loans help finance the government and offer benefits to the purchaser.

The level of investment in savings bonds has varied over the course of American history. In some cases, the government has developed public campaigns to promote savings bond purchases in an effort to fund activities such as the country’s participation in World War II. At other times, sales of savings bonds have increased or decreased in tandem with changes in interest rates or inflation.

Savings bonds earn interest until they reach "maturity," which is generally 20-30 years, depending on the type purchased. If a bond is held past its maturity, the federal government remains responsible for the debt. However, savings bonds that are held past their maturity date do not continue to earn interest and may actually lose value due to inflation.

Savings Bonds Overview

U.S. Treasury savings bonds are a type of loan issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury (the Treasury) to individual investors. They are low-risk, interest-bearing securities that individual investors can purchase directly from the government on TreasuryDirect. Savings bonds are designed to offer a safe investment opportunity to ordinary Americans with the hope that by owning shares in their country, they may become more interested in national policy.1

Wondering how much your savings bond is worth today? Visit the Savings Bond Calculator to find the value of your paper bonds or log in to your TreasuryDirect account to determine how much your electronic bond is worth.

How Do Savings Bonds Help Finance the Federal Government?

The government finances programs like building and maintaining roads, school funding, or support for veterans through revenue sources like taxes. When the government spends more than it collects from revenue, this results in a deficit, which requires the government to borrow money (debt) by issuing loans (securities) that it promises to pay back with interest. Different types of securities earn interest in different ways. Treasury groups securities into two categories called marketable and non-marketable securities, which reflects whether they can be resold to another individual or entity after they are purchased.

Fiscal Data Explains U.S. Treasury Savings Bonds (1)

A paper Series E Savings Bond

Savings bonds are the most well-known type of non-marketable security and the only type available for purchase by individuals. Other types of non-marketable securities include Government Account Series, which can be purchased from Treasury by other federal agencies, and State and Local Government Series, which can be purchased by state and local governments. Use the chart below to explore how different types of loans make up the total debt held by the public.

Savings Bonds Sold as a Percentage of Total Debt Held by the Public, as of May 2024

Marketable Security Non-Marketable Security

This chart reflects total debt held by the public, which excludes debt held by the government (known as intragovernmental). Visit the National Debt explainer to learn more about the types of debt or the U.S. Treasury Monthly Statement of the Public Debt (MSPD) dataset to explore and download this data.

Last Updated:

May 19, 2024

Savings bonds make up % of total debt held by the public through . This is percentage points the percent of debt held by the public ten years ago (%).

Types of Savings Bonds
Over the course of American history, the U.S. government has issued savings bonds to help fund certain programs and special projects like the space program. Each bond type has different terms and ways that it earns interest. Today, there are two types of savings bonds available for purchase: Series I bonds and Series EE bonds.

Primary Advantage

Protect buyer's money from inflation

Guaranteed to double in value in 20 years

Issuing Method

Primarily Electronic

Electronic Only

Interest Earnings

A fixed interest rate and a variable rate based on inflation

A steady interest rate that does not change

Redemption

Redeemable after 1 year; if redeemed in the first five years, the interest accumulated from the last three months will be deducted from the final payout

What Influences the Purchase of Savings Bonds?

Public demand for savings bonds has varied over time. Changes in interest rates or inflation can make bonds an attractive investment relative to other alternatives. In addition, investors may be motivated by the idea of supporting a national cause like a war effort or government project.

Savings Bonds History

The sale of U.S. Treasury marketable securities began with the nation’s founding, where private citizens purchased $27 million in government bonds to finance the Revolutionary War.2 These early loans to the government were introduced to raise funds from the American public to support war efforts as well as other national projects like the construction of the Panama Canal.

During the Great Depression, the U.S. government sought to stabilize the economy by issuing a new type of Treasury security: savings bonds. In 1935, savings bonds were first introduced to promote thriftiness and allow individuals to purchase government-backed bonds at an affordable price. For many decades, the minimum purchase price for marketable securities was several thousand dollars, which meant that only very wealthy individuals and institutions could afford to invest in them. With the introduction of the first savings bonds, regular citizens were able to invest in Treasury securities, and they gained popularity as a “safe haven” during times of economic uncertainty.

Fiscal Data Explains U.S. Treasury Savings Bonds (2)

Poster advertising savings bonds as “savings plans for all Americans.”

In 1963, President John F. Kennedy aimed to encourage the purchase of savings bonds by establishing the U.S. Industrial Payroll Savings Committee. This committee encouraged workers to automatically invest a portion of their paycheck in what was known as the Payroll Savings Plan, which reduced paper certificates, and moved to an electronic record-keeping system. This new program was accompanied by nationwide marketing and helped increase the profile of the savings bond program in subsequent decades.

Fiscal Data Explains U.S. Treasury Savings Bonds (3)

President John F. Kennedy holds a U.S. savings bond.

The chart below shows savings bond sales over time for all savings bond types.

Savings Bonds Sold by Type Over Time, FY 1935 – FYTD undefined

Adjust for Inflation

Visit the Electronic Securities Transactions dataset to explore and download this data. Inflation data is from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Last Updated:

May 19, 2024

Savings bonds were most popular in and when $0 M and $0 M bonds were sold, respectively.

Interest Rates and Inflation

The economy can also influence the popularity of investing in savings bonds. In times of heightened economic uncertainty, individual investors may favor savings bonds due to their low risk, even if they produce a more modest return. Conversely, economic growth may create attractive investment opportunities outside of savings bonds, where individual investors may be able to earn higher interest rates.

In general, when interest rates are higher, demand for fixed-rate savings bonds like Series EE tends to increase. However, when people expect inflation to increase, savings bonds like Series I become attractive because they provide protection against inflation, preserving the value of the money invested. In the spring of 2021, inflation in the United States began to rise over three percent and would grow to over six percent by September 2022. In response, the American public invested heavily in Series I bonds, purchasing nearly $153 billion of Series I bonds between April 2021 and February 2023. The chart below shows inflation data and I bond purchases from the last 15 years.

Generally, higher inflation rates are correlated with an increase in demand for inflation-protected securities like I bonds.

What Happens when Savings Bonds are Fully Matured?

A savings bond can be redeemed anytime after at least one year; however, the longer a bond is held (up to 30 years), the more it earns. When a savings bond is redeemed after five years, the owner receives the original value plus all accrued interest. If a bond is redeemed before five years, the holder loses the last three months of interest.

Occasionally, bond owners hold onto bonds after they have reached maturity and are no longer earning interest. These outstanding but unredeemed bonds are called Matured Unredeemed Debt (MUD). The government continues to be responsible for this debt, as it may be redeemed at any time. Therefore, the Treasury has increased efforts to encourage bondholders to redeem their matured savings bonds. As of January 1970, there were NaN million matured unredeemed savings bonds held by investors.

If bonds are held past their maturity date, the bonds can lose value due to inflation. To understand how this value is lost, see the illustration below.

How Holding onto Matured Bonds can Cost You Money

Imagine you bought a series EE bond 30 years ago for $500. After 20 years, it doubled in value ($1,000) and continued to earn interest ($600) until reaching maturity after 30 years.

Fiscal Data Explains U.S. Treasury Savings Bonds (4)

Fiscal Data Explains U.S. Treasury Savings Bonds (5)

If you redeem your bond today, you can redeem it for $1,600 and spend that on goods or services or reinvest that money in a new savings bond.

If you hold onto that bond and don’t redeem it for another 10 years, it will still be worth $1,600, but the same goods and services you would have purchased 10 years ago now cost $2,050, effectively losing you $450 in value.

Fiscal Data Explains U.S. Treasury Savings Bonds (6)

*Please note this visual uses fictional data

Could there be a savings bond in your name that you might not know about? Go on a Treasure Hunt and see what bonds might be waiting for you to cash in!

What is the Treasury Doing to Reduce Matured Unredeemed Debt?

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Learn More: Buying and Redeeming Savings Bonds Today

Today, individuals can buy Series I and Series EE bonds online through TreasuryDirect. TreasuryDirect also offers a feature called Treasury Hunt, which allows users to search to see if there are unredeemed bonds in their name.

Data Sources & Methodologies

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Fiscal Data Explains U.S. Treasury Savings Bonds (2024)

FAQs

How to fill out fs form 5444? ›

The information required to fill out FS Form 5444 includes the full name of the filer, their address, their phone number, the name of the organization they are filing for, the type of filing requested, the purpose of the filing, the date of the filing, the name of the individual or organization that will receive the ...

What is the explanation of US Treasury bonds? ›

Treasury bonds, often referred to as T-bonds, are long-term loans made to the U.S. government. When you buy a Treasury bond, you're essentially lending money to the federal government. In return, the government agrees to pay you a fixed rate of interest every six months for the life of the bond.

How to complete fs form 1522? ›

Get FS Form 1522 from the TreasuryDirect website, which has three sections. Section 1: List all the individuals or entities named on the bonds. List the issue date and serial number for each bond you want to redeem. Section 2: List the Social Security number or EIN that is being used for the redemption.

How much is a $100 series EE bond worth after 30 years? ›

How to get the most value from your savings bonds
Face ValuePurchase Amount30-Year Value (Purchased May 1990)
$50 Bond$100$207.36
$100 Bond$200$414.72
$500 Bond$400$1,036.80
$1,000 Bond$800$2,073.60

How long does it take to process FS 5444e? ›

You can call us from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. ET, Monday through Friday. Please expect long wait times if you need an agent. Cases you send by mail may take us as long as 13 weeks to process. Processing of FS Form 5444, for account authorization, currently takes about eight weeks."

What is FS Form 5444? ›

FS Form 5444 - TreasuryDirect Account Authorization.

What is the difference between Treasury bonds and U.S. Savings Bonds? ›

Like T-bills and T-bonds, savings bonds are issued by the Treasury Department to help fund government operations, making them reliable but not lucrative investments. However, unlike T-bills and T-bonds, savings bonds cannot be bought and sold on secondary markets.

Is there a difference between US Treasury bills and US Treasury bonds? ›

Key takeaways. Treasury bills have short-term maturities and pay interest at maturity. Treasury notes have mid-range maturities and pay interest every 6 months. Treasury bonds have long maturities and pay interest every 6 months.

How do US treasury bonds work for dummies? ›

We sell Treasury Bonds for a term of either 20 or 30 years. Bonds pay a fixed rate of interest every six months until they mature. You can hold a bond until it matures or sell it before it matures.

What is a FS form 5336? ›

Document Type. Form FS Form 5336. Disposition of Securities Belonging to a Decedent's Estate Being Settled Without Administration. Form and Instruction. FS Form 5336 Application for Disposition of Treasury Securities Belon.

What is form 1522 used for? ›

USE OF FORM – Use this form to request payment of United States Savings Bonds, Savings Notes, Retirement Plan Bonds, and Individual Retirement Bonds.

What is the penalty for not cashing matured savings bonds? ›

While the Treasury will not penalize you for holding a U.S. Savings Bond past its date of maturity, the Internal Revenue Service will. Interest accumulated over the life of a U.S. Savings Bond must be reported on your 1040 form for the tax year in which you redeem the bond or it reaches final maturity.

How much is a $50 Patriot bond worth after 20 years? ›

After 20 years, the Patriot Bond is guaranteed to be worth at least face value. So a $50 Patriot Bond, which was bought for $25, will be worth at least $50 after 20 years. It can continue to accrue interest for as many as 10 more years after that.

Do EE bonds really double in 20 years? ›

EE bonds you buy now have a fixed interest rate that you know when you buy the bond. That rate remains the same for at least the first 20 years. It may change after that for the last 10 of its 30 years. We guarantee that the value of your new EE bond at 20 years will be double what you paid for it.

Do savings bonds double in 30 years? ›

Series EE savings bonds are a low-risk way to save money. They earn interest regularly for 30 years (or until you cash them if you do that before 30 years). For EE bonds you buy now, we guarantee that the bond will double in value in 20 years, even if we have to add money at 20 years to make that happen.

Who can certify fs form 5444? ›

Certifying Officer or Notary

The latest edition of the Account Authorization form FS 5444 requires a signature guarantee from either a certifying officer at a financial institution or a notary. Getting it signed by a notary public is easier than getting it from a bank or credit union.

Who can certify TreasuryDirect account authorization? ›

Sign in ink in the presence of a certifying officer or notary. Identification may be required. 2. Authorized certifying officers are available at financial institutions, including credit unions, in the United States.

Why is it so hard to get a medallion signature guarantee? ›

Why is it so hard to get a medallion signature guarantee? Medallion stamps are difficult to obtain because the institutions that provide them, such as banks, credit unions, and other financial institutions are reluctant to provide them, as it exposes the institution to large financial liabilities.

How do I fund my TreasuryDirect account? ›

During the purchase process, you will designate the source of funds as either a debit from your bank account or from your Zero-Percent C of I. If you are purchasing savings bonds using the Payroll Savings Plan in TreasuryDirect, your purchases will be debited automatically from your Payroll C of I.

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