Nationalism- Jackson Study Guide 2024
You can bullet point the short answer questions. I framed them as questions so you would think more critically about them.
Define each of the following and explain the historical significance-the “so what” or impact the event/item had on history.
Era of Good Feelings
The time after the War of 1812, called the Era of Good Feelings because life seemed to be getting better in America and things started improving and there was a lot of American nationalism with only one party (federalists died off). However, leading into the 1920s, this era ended because there were lots of political divisions.
American System
An economic system made by Clay and Calhoun with things like a new national bank and national currency. They also supported canals, roads, etc which lead to a lot of urbanism and industrial growth.
McCulloch v. Maryland
McCulloch refused to pay the taxes of the bank that were applied by Maryland. The supreme court decided that Congress could make a bank because of the elastic clause and Maryland could not tax the bank. It gave the federal government more power and promoted an implied interpretation of the constitution going forward.
Dartmouth v. Woodward
Court ruled that the charter made by the king of England a while ago made this a contract and a private charter and so New Hapshire could not impair the charter. This limited the power of the States in interfering with private charters, therefore greatly encouraging business investment and growth.
Gibbons v. Ogden
Ogden had a legal monopoly (given to him by the state of New York) that said nobody else could use steamboats in the area without his permission, Ogden then sued Gibbons for violating this and won in New York court, but Gibbions appealed saying that he was protected by terms of a federal license to engage in coasting trade and he won (6-0). This dismantled navigational monopolies and said Congress has supreme authority to override laws made by states that conflict with the federal laws.
Monroe Doctrine
A document made by James Monroe declaring America’s independence and telling other countries to back off of America and the whole continent. Also tells them that if they come to colonize any new land it will be seen as a declaration of war. Promoted American nationalism.
Industrial Revolution
See AlsoWells Fargo Personals Loans Review 2024 - Training for Financial ServicesPros and Cons of Refinancing Student LoansNavy Federal CD Rates Today: Savings Options for Military Members and FamiliesThe top grants to pay off student loansA time period where lots of new inventions were coming out, transportation was getting better, and America was getting more industrialized. Shift from creating hand goods to machine and factory made goods.
“peculiar institution”
Another word for slavery used by southerners.
Force Bill
Authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832
Spoils system
A term for how Jackson gave people office, if they were loyal voters he would give them a spot in the office but had a high turnover rate.
Specie circular
It required payment for government land to be in gold and silver
Pet banks
State run banks that were loyal to Jackson and were given funds that he took from the B.U.S
Tariff of Abominations
Protective tariff passed by congress designed to protect to Americna industries. Raised taxes on imported manufactures so as to reduce foreign competition with American manufacturing
Seneca Falls Convention
1848 - A big meeting where people from the Women’s Rights movements discussed their beliefs and made the Decleration of Rights and Sentiments.
You should know all key leaders associated with specific reform movements; remember that some movements have several leaders.
Short Essay
Sectional controversy began to grow during the 1820s and 1830s. Evaluate how the following issues created or increased sectional differences: internal improvements, protective tariffs, and nullification.
Internal improvements created internal divides because they weren’t funded properly so states had to do it themselves and there became a huge difference between north and south. Protective tariffs led to sectionalism because the southerners got the short end of the stick because they couldn’t get cheaper goods from Britain or trade with them now. Nullification also caused sectionalism because states wanted the right to nullify (or cancel) federal laws and secede from the union.
Jackson
What years did Andrew Jackson serve as President? List 4 events that would be considered part of the “Age of Jackson.”
1828-1836.
Nullification Crisis, Indian Removal Act, Bank War, Tariff of Abominations
Define Trail of Tears. What law called for the forced migration of Native Americans? What group of Native Americans fought the law in court? What were Jackson’s sentiments toward Native Americans?
The forced removal of Native Americans by Americans, was very brutal and inhumane. The Cherokees fought the court in “Cherokee Nation v. Georgia). Jackson disliked the natives and after the court ruled in favor of the Cherokees, he tells Marshall “you have made your decision, you can enforce it”, saying he will continue with the removal unless Marshall gets an army and stops him.
Who emerged as a spokesman for nullification in the tariff controversy of the 1820s and 1830s? What document did he write? Why were Southerners so opposed to protective tariffs by 1828? What name did they give to the 1828 tariff?
John C. Calhoun. Exposition and Protest. Southerners were apposed because they have to pay for expensive Northern goods and have their ability to sell to Britian taken away. They called it the “Tariff of Abominations”
Define nullification. What amendment do nullifiers cite as justification for their beliefs? What did the nullification crisis suggest about the country?
Individual states can invalidate federal laws or judicial decisions they deem unconstitutional. The nullification crisis showed that there was a divide and people disagreed on a federal vs state level.
What was the final outcome of the Nullification crisis? In your answer include the tariff as well as the Force Act.
The result was the Compromise Tariff (Tariff of 1833). The Force Act enforced federal authority and assured compliance. Both these helped some of the tensions die down.
Why did Clay propose a recharter of the BUS? How did Jackson respond? How did the American people react?
Clay thinks Jackson is against the BUS and the people are for it and wants for Jackson to have less popularity. Jackson Vetoed it and gave it back to the people and got reelected. The people liked him because of this and he got more popular
What steps did Jackson take to “destroy” the BUS? How did Nicholas Biddle respond? What was the eventual result on the economy?
He withdrew federal deposits and put it in state banks
Bidde called in bank loans - he does not think jackson is responsible, so he makes it worse and tries to blame it on jackson
Ended in specie circular - ppl had to pay gov loans with gold or silver.
Who made up the membership of the American Party? Why did nativism become so strong in the mid-1800s?
The nativists/know nothing - the Americans did not want the immigrants to take American jobs.
What was the basic message of the Second Great Awakening? How did the Second Great Awakening affect the reform movements of the mid-1800s?
The second great awakening was focused on people's emotion and their inner selves, so it led to reform movements when people focused on how they felt and how the people felt like they wanted to be equal and have right.
How did reformers improve the public education system in the early to mid-1800s?
There was a school reformation where there was call to provide public education
Explain the idea of gradualism as it relates to the antislavery movement. What was “colonization”?
The idea that slaves should be relased gradually so the economy will not collapse from the sudden dramatic change.
The idea of sending slaves back to africa to connect with their culture.
What did people who formed utopian communities believe?
They wanted to separate from society and focus on a particular topic and they believed that a community can be perfect
